Infographic:

Pop Design

Pop design had its influence form Pop art which started in Britain in the early 1950s, later in the late 1950s Pop Design evolved in the United States. This for of style came after the word war in which they wanted to eliminate the dullness of the society and make it brighter with the art and products produced. The characteristics of Pop Design are having geometric shapes especially in architecture the cubic is the most common shape used. The very strong expression is unique and with the help of bold lines it makes it more stand out. Along with bold lines there are the bright simple colours which makes it more targeted to youth and the younger generation. Pop design includes also comic pictures generated into the products or furniture and this came very controversial. 

Pop art along with the products which where influenced from the same art.

Peter and Alision Smithson are two important architects of that time which are also pioneers of the modern Pop Design. Three of their big projects done together are the: House of the Future, Economist Building and Robin Hood Gardens. They where all built to infuse progressive and more meritocratic post war society. 

The house of the future is a great example of cartoonist design and modern design. Cartoonist in the sense of having superficial effects which at that time was a great exploration and made it seem as if it was impossible to have. This kind of house is aimed and young couples who have no children because of its high technology and because of the amendments that can be done throughout the house.

This house was basically a project of conventional suburban home which would be visiable in the next 25 years. This was a new generation house and included mobility in its use, starting from the walls to the furniture that can be used as dual functions. The two architects considered moldability to imitate a fantasy house and hence for the curves on the walls and the materials used throughout the whole house.  

George Nelson

For product design, George Nelson was very influential in the United States design after the 1945. Although he was an architect he was more into sociological and artistic themes. The 'Marshmallow sofa' designed in the 1956 was the earliest Pop Art furniture Design. The sofa was made from varnished steel tubing, aluminium and the vinyl coloured cushions. 

George wanted to transform the traditional sofa into a three dimensional shape which served its purpose and made the customer feel as if the sofa is no ordinary sofa. The seat and the back of this marshmallow sofa are supported by a steel construction made to hold the cushions into place.

This kind of sofa need high production labour and that meant large costings. So it was stopped from manufacturing from the 1988 till 1994. Until 2003, they had started again the manufacturing of this colourful sofa which better technology at a reasonable price. As compared to the 'House of the Future' both the spatial and the product design incorporate high technology and markets the younger generation for its vibrant colours and the fresh approach into their products.

Marshmellow sofa - George Nelson

And this is my final infographic design:

Reference:

Design.designmuseum.org. (2016). Alison + Peter Smithson / - Design/Designer Information. [online] Available at: http://design.designmuseum.org/design/alison-peter-smithson.html [Accessed 25 May 2016].

En.wikiarquitectura.com. (2016). House of the Future - Architecture of the World - WikiArquitectura. [online] Available at: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/House_of_the_Future [Accessed 25 May 2016].

Vitra Design Museum. (2016). Marshmallow - George Nelson. [online] Available at: http://www.design-museum.de/en/collection/100-masterpieces/detailseiten/marshmallow-george-nelson.html [Accessed 25 May 2016].

Blog 10:

Streamlining 

Streamlining began in the 20th century, date exactly was the 1930 and lasted till the 1950. This style was very popular in America and its main characteristics where the tear-drop shape, smooth finishings and the curvatures. The streamlining style firstly merged into transportation such as: shipping, aircraft and auto mobiles mainly for speed. This reduced the amount of air friction and so the machine would move faster. 

Later on, in the 1930s this style had changed, rather than making a product streamlined for its function, making it for it appearance. This helped the manufacturing of the products and good to regain their strength and eventually their profit would increase. 

While in America, the Wall Street Crash which happened to be in 1929, made manufacturers renewed their products by hiring a designer in which he would streamline the object and sell it as new, instead of having to reinvent a new product.

Materials such as clay where used  to produce models for these sleek designs, this is because that it was easy to manage curvatures in products. Some of the manufacturing good included the refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, radios, cameras and telephones. Along with this materials, backalite was highly recommended this is because its a thermoset and highly protective, which was also suitable for curvature forms. 

Surprisingly enough, Streamlining grew out of Art Deco, but with less decorative ornaments,  so it was simplified and included dynamism which was great for commercial products and furniture. It was also considered as: 'Art Deco on the move'. 

The Jumo Brevte company which is located in Paris had it contributions in designing the streamlined post-war product which is the Jumo Bakelite lamp. This was designed by Gustave Miklos and was originally available in three different colors which are the black, white and maroon. Along with the Bakelite material, the copper and chrome played an important role in the swivel joints of the lamp. The swivel joint where there so that it could adjust easily by the user. This interesting lamp had a Bakelite button in which when it opens the light would turn on automatically. This is a great example of streamlined products in which most of the characteristics are visible, such as the curves and the tear drop shape. 

Jumo Bakelite lamp - Gustave Miklos 

Compared to the Jumo Bakelite lamp, there is the Cobra lamp which was done with the same style and designed by Norman Bel Geddes. This lamp was normally considered art deco, and since streamlining had emerged from Art Deco, some characteristics of this style are still visable. For example the use of nature in the product. compared with the Jumo lamp this has more organic shape and cannot swivel, since it has no joints to do so. 

Cobra lamp -Norman Bel Geddes 

Architecture.knoji.com. (2016). Streamlined Design: Modernity in America. [online] Available at: https://architecture.knoji.com/streamlined-design-modernity-in-america/ [Accessed 27 May 2016].

Fiell, C. and Fiell, P. (1999). Design of the 20th century. Köln: Taschen.

Bersoantik.com. (2016). «BersoАнтик» - 1960 Ben Bowden Spacelander. [online] Available at: http://bersoantik.com/en/blog/2015/07/01/1960-ben-bowden-spacelander-/ [Accessed 27 May 2016].

Blog 9:

Organic Design in Products designs

A very holitistic approach and gave a humanizing feel of design was in fact Organic design. This was firstly introduced in architecture by having the whole work a replica or have a great feel of nature. The organic approach was this: having individual elements such as object and furniture throughout the house connected with the surroundings such as the building and the interior itself. Organic design is exactly how everything connects to everything.

Quite ironic is having an organic design which rarely uses organic forms! This was one of the styles that adapted to what nature had to offer but in a whole new other manner. 

Alvar Aalto, a great designer of this period had induced soft flowing curves in his designs. Following with a very natural material: Wood, which in his opinion it was the only material that inspired the human feeling. He totally rejected the alienating materials which where made in the industry and not naturally provided, such as the tubular steel; industrialized material. Along with this path that Alvar Alto took, he was very successful in the United States which changed this type of style from organic design to more organic modernism. 

This style is also very present now a days. In both architecture and in prodcut designs, organic design made a step forward with the help of better ergonomics and computer aided designs. The manufacturing process also made a step froward and everything related became very strong and successful. 

Alvar Alto's as mentioned already was a great advocate fro organic design. One of his great designes produced was the Model no. 43 the Lounge chair which was made out of solid and laminated birch frame and has woven paper straps for the seating part of the chair. This lounge chair shows a great example of what organic design really means. Having flowing curves and natural materials makes this chair outstanding to its function and design.

Alvar Aalto - Lounge Chair No. 43 

Moving on to recent decades, Ross Lovegrove a British designer, followed some of the footsteps of the Organic design. In fact he calls his designs as 'Organic Essentialism'. I think one of his influential chairs was the: Supernatural Chair, 2005, which is the result of economy, lightness, liquidity and resourcefulness of high technology. He believes that s designer has to have a 3D printer always near him to produce such innovative works.

This chair as opposed to the one Alvar Aalto had made, is stackable. Manufactured primarily for the Italian furniture manufacturer Moroso. This chair was greatly inspired but the forms which where found in nature itself. Lovegrove described this chair as and elegant and functional design. 

This chair is made from injection moulded polypropylene enforces with fibre glass and the detail that is evident in this chair is the perforated back. The perforated back was made like that for excess material, for the chair to be light weight, elasticity and to improve comfort for the user. 

Ross Lovegrove - Supernatural Chair 2005

Reference: 

Fiell, C. and Fiell, P. (1999). Design of the 20th century. Köln: Taschen.

Latimesblogs.latimes.com. (2016). The Look for Less: Ross Lovegrove's Supernatural chair versus an eerily similar imitation. [online] Available at: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2011/02/moroso-ross-lovegrove-supernatural-chair.html [Accessed 22 May 2016].

Phaidon. (2016). 'The chair is an infinite source of potential' | Design | Agenda | Phaidon. [online] Available at: http://de.phaidon.com/agenda/design/picture-galleries/2010/september/23/the-chair-is-an-infinite-source-of-potential/ [Accessed 22 May 2016].

Jacksons.se. (2016). Jacksons - Alvar Aalto Lounge Chair No. 43 - Alvar Aalto. [online] Available at: http://jacksons.se/products/alvar-aalto-chair-5687/ [Accessed 22 May 2016].

Blog 8:

Art Deco

A style which was considered over decorative and made use of a lot of details. In fact it was know as the international decorative style which started in Paris in the 1920's. Some of the elements of Art Deco were seen in different designers such as Wiener Werkstatte, Carlo Bugatti and the Russian Constructivists.

Art Deco took over from the style Art Nouveau and it adapted to other styles and movements such as: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Tribal Art, Surrealism, Futurism, Constructivism, Neo Classicism, Geometric abstraction, Popular Culture and the Modern Movement. The Art Deco style was founded by Hector Guimard. 

Along with normal materials which were used at that time there were other luxurious materials such as exotic woods, Shargreen and mother of pearl. The furniture of Art Deco was not mass produced and so it ensured that this style was not going to be featured for a long term. 

An exhibition was opened in Paris named 'Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratis et Industries Modernes' and featured Le Corbusier's Pavillion and Ruhlmann's Hotel: du Collectionneur. From this great exhibtion the term 'Art Deco' was derived. This style emerged from France and Europe to Britain and the United States. 

Paul Frankl an american designer who designed a beautiful shelf with the form of a skyscraper and made out of Maple woo and Bakelite. This was a pure symbol of American Modernity. Frankl wanted to used these two materials to link the real skyscraper with his shelving. A new ear was about to emerge right after the design of this furniture. 

In Manhattan New York, William Van Alen build an architectural reference, the Chrysler Building which is an iconic building now-a-days. He wanted to built the tallest building in the world and that is what he did. Eleven months later, another building had reached the Chrysler buildings hight and when above it which was the Empire State Building. What's interesting is that there is a connection between the Chrysler building and the Chrysler

car. Sculptures modelled after the radiator caps can be visible in the Chrysler building as well. Other ornaments,such as the car wheels had decorative lower setbacks which are also visable in the building. 

Reference:

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. (2016). Paul T. Frankl | Skyscraper | The Met. [online] Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/482533 [Accessed 20 May 2016].

Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: http:// [Accessed 20 May 2016].

Visual-arts-cork.com. (2016). Art Deco Design Style: Origins, History, Characteristics. [online] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/art-deco.htm [Accessed 20 May 2016].

Blog 7:

Constructivism

After the 1917 revolution there where new forms of expression in art, design and architecture. Dramatic schemes for the expansion of goods where incorporated and so there was the publications of two manifestos published in Russia. The first one was published in 1920 with the name of: The programme of the Group of Constructivists and the second one was: Realistic Manifesto. Both manifestos included the process of the coming existence of the movement Constructivism. 

Constructivism is a term which refers to the movement which was set up in Russia and had new ideas and new experimentation on art, literature, design and even architecture which where inspired from Art movements such as Cubism and Futurism. So now constructivists believed that the applied art can reinforce new social organisations which could bring the production of art and architecture.

As a result, after the revolution there was a complete crisis which was political and even economical throughout Russia. This caused few large scaled houses where built and constructivists began to show their designs which where mainly made out of ceramic or porcelain and on the ceramics it was often decorated with suprematist. 

Suprematist motifs are geometric forms which come in any size and shape, often used the square and the rectangle and of different colours. Normally these shapes are set against plain white background for complete contrast between the colours on the foreground of the object. 

Such designs where commonly used by these two painters and designers which made several paintings along with other products such as cups and saucers. 

Cup and Saucer - Wassiliy Kandinsky

Nikolai Suetin - Suprematistservis

On a more modern scale, the very famous architect who recently died; Zaha Hadid, made an interesting exhibition in Zurich which features the juxtaposition of the avant-guarde Russian artists with her own work on architecture. This exhibition was located in The Galerie Gumurzynska, and what we find very interesting is the complete connection between architecture and art. 

Zaha here plays a lot with 2D and 3D space. The first thing one can notice is the window which is in perspective and creates a complete canvas between the floors and the walls altogether. On the walls and floors one could notice two shades of colour; the black and the white. These represent two eras which are the white for the Russian era and the Black for Zaha Hadid. So anything which is seen on black is relevant or linked with the Hadid's architecture and anything seen on white are linked with the Russians revolutionists.

Four themes are inscribed in this exhibition. Abstraction, flotation, distortion and fragment all of which are perfectly combined together with a complete flow. Walking through the exhibition one could feel and notice a certain connection between the objects and the drawings placed there. What Zaha Hadid wanted to show was the translation of suprematism into architecture.

Reference:

domusweb.it. (2016). Zaha Hadid and Russian avant-garde at Galerie Gmurzynska. [online] Available at: http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2010/07/19/zaha-hadid-and-russian-avant-garde-at-galerie-gmurzynska.html#fb2 [Accessed 20 May 2016].

Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: http:// [Accessed 20 May 2016].

Fiell, C. and Fiell, P. (1999). Design of the 20th century. Köln: Taschen.

Blog 6:

Modernism

Some of the commonly used characteristics of this style emerged from 'art' which was converted into architecture and product designs. Modernism is a simple use of ideas and methods which was taken from the past and used  in the everyday life. 

The beginning of the 20th century was an influx of designs that was lacking ornamental style since they wanted to eliminate all kinds of added structures which where useless and not needed for the function. Their only main concern was to have clean and aesthetic materials in their designs. 

Clapboard Siding 

A great emphasis on geometric forms which made use of horizontal and vertical lines. these lines where converted into large boxes and rectangular shapes which eventually made a house. A house which also had flat low roofs. In Malta this type of architecture is visable throughout and can be seen through different styles as well as it emerged and left great impact on them. Along with new was of building structures, technology advanced and made use of different or 'new' materials which were good to incorporate them in the design materials. Some of the materials used where the wood, bricks and stone, all of them where very simple in shape and obviously reflected modern architecture. What was very common at that time was the clapboard siding on the outside of the building which was considered as decoration and was later abolished from modern houses and replaced with vertical board cladding. 

The need of having natural materials was increasing. For example wood stain was often used and it expressed the natural effects of the wood grain it self. If the wood have been painted on with solid colour than it would have eliminated completely the natural feeling of the wood it self. 

Modernism is a style which renovated every movement and made it look as if the simple was the best way to work around. Another characteristic which was used and it is still used now more than ever is the relationship between the interior space and the outside space. In basic words: bringing the outside in and vice versa. This was possible by introducing the use of glass. By using this material it made use of the natural light that passes through. Normally they would be floor to ceiling windows and are incorporated in more than one side of the wall. Having multiple walls converted into large windows. Also the best modern houses and homes were made efficient in the use of natural lighting and material. 

Wall to Ceiling Windows

Related to this style is my design development (Model Making) of a modern so to say office which is situated in New York City, top part of a skyscraper and makes use of these characteristics found in the modern style. 

Inside of the office which is still under construction

The floor to ceiling windows

Plan view of the office

Le Corbusier 

A very famous architect from the modern style is Le Corbusier. His is a Swiss born French and is best known with his reinforced concrete and steel. He loved to word with geometric shapes and elements and the contrast between the collective shapes he used to make with the individual compartment made the style even more unique. 

In Le Corbusier buildings most of the elements seen are the open interior space and the relationship of exterior and the interior. His very famous saying which is: 'The house is a machine of living' so now the design takes innovative qualities which are more convenient to the user. 

A great symbolic example from the works he did around the world is the Villa Sovoye which is located in France situated on the outer side of Paris. The building was finished in 1929 and was considered as on of the most modern architectural reference in the 20th century. This house had a huge turning point for Le Corbusier and also for the principles of the International style. This basic design led to be contextually integrated into the mechanistic industrial context at that period of time. 

Reference: 

Merriam-webster.com. (2016). Definition of MODERNISM. [online] Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/modernism [Accessed 18 May 2016].

A2modern.org. (2016). What is modern: characteristics of modern architecture – a2 modern | modern architecture in the midwest | ann arbor modern | michigan modern | modern architecture in ann arbor. [online] Available at: http://a2modern.org/2011/04/characteristics-of-modern-architecture/ [Accessed 18 May 2016].

Biography.com. (2016). [online] Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/le-corbusier-9376609 [Accessed 18 May 2016].

ArchDaily. (2010). AD Classics: Villa Savoye / Le Corbusier. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-le-corbusier [Accessed 18 May 2016].

TASK 2 - REPORT WRITING

Modernism ~ Bauhaus ~ De Stijl

In this presentation we focused on these given titles which have an intense impact on the present design and products found in every section of the industry. Being household product to an architectural reference. The three styles presented here are interlink with each other since they are very similar but not the same. Modernism started in the 1890's till the 1910 which was quite a long time and in that phase, people wanted to abolish the ornaments from products, furnitures and other things which was useless of having 'extra' ornaments which weren't useful to the product, or not related to the function of the product. The same happened with the architecture of that time which was full of decoration and non functional products and than it evolved for having something more sleek and functional in design. 

In Malta we are filled with these styles particularly in the architectural aspect of this. In architecture Malta had evolved and made use of the flat roofs which may have not been the main source of inspiration but it is still a characteristic that the modern and the Bauhaus era had. Modern houses are famous for their glass windows, which makes the inside out and the outside in, and the cleanliness of the design. This means no such things as floral or organic shapes are involved, in fact more rectangular or geometric shapes had taken its place. The geometric forms came from the De Stijl and it is still very visible now-a-days. 

In out presentation we included various products and architectural reference which where found in Malta. Some of which are the Manikata church; designed by Richard England, Birkirkara Church, Muscat Motors Building and Villa Ellul designed by Emvin Cremona. Some products that where found here in Malta and even abroad are the Barcelona Chair found in a Hair saloon in Italy, the Grande Armchair and some ceiling lights by Marianne Brandt in which we found them in the porch of local houses.

All of the products and architectural reference mentioned here where discussed within the group and agreed on the information given in which we also learned and came to a conclusion  Considering all of the stuff we are surrounded with. now we are more aware and can relate to these when we see them. 

Blog 5:

De Stijl and the Bauhaus

 Started in the Netherlands, De Stijl was 'The Style' which involved geometric forms and primary colours, along with black, white and grey. This style had an immediate reaction against the decorative excess of the Art Deco. This was the time for the new spiritualised world and painters like Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Moderian where the pioneers of this movement and style, which had spread and made an impact on society.

Having innovative ideas and the very famous say of ' Form follows Function' is perhaps the philosophy of this style and was noticed in the realm of architecture. This style was the response to such disasters after the World War 1 and now art was seen as 'Social and Spiritual redemption'.

The characteristics of this style are mainly straight lines, squares and rectangles, along with primary colours. Alongside with the paintings, architecture was influenced by art itself and this can be clearly seen in Piet Mondrian's studio which is literally famous painting portrayed in his studio's architecture. The black floor and the white walls compliment the lines running through the studio with panels of red, yellow and blue. The whole studio looks contemporary.

In the 1920's problems within the group arose and artist began to emerge into other styles and movement. As for Van Doesburg he began to devote more to the Bauhaus design School, which was the beginning of a new era. 

The Bauhaus was formed by Walter Gropius a German American Architect. His aim was to reunite art with industrial design. This school was shaped after the trends of the Arts and Craft Movement and it triggered anxieties about how at that time products where being soulless and with no function. Mainly creativity and manufacturing where drifting apart and this had to reunite the design for the everyday life products. 

The Bauhaus stressed a lot on the practical side of the art and how to maintain an intellectual and theoretical pursuit which was lined to art. So art and craft brought together a goal to solve problems. 

Walter Groupius and Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

Both are great architects and are involved directly into the Bauhaus Design School. Together they where thought under the attendance of Peter Behrans and so they where very influenced by his designs. 

The German-American Architect, Walter Adolph Gropius was the director of the Bauhaus. He was against the imitation and mass production and was determined to produce products which its appearance should determine its function.

One of his great influential architectural reference was is own house in the United States. It portrayed revolution against the common and cheap materials and wanted to renovate this mentality. This house was modest in scale and combined a lot of traditional elements of New England architecture such as the wood, brick and fieldstone with new and innovative materials which where rarely made in domestic architecture. This house followed the Bauhaus philosophy which is every aspect of the house and its surrounding landscape is done for efficiency and made simple. Along side with the traditional materials, he used glass blocks, plaster and even chrome banisters and the latest technology at that time. 

The interior and the furniture inside the house was all done in the Bauhaus school and designed by the famous Marcel Breuer which makes it even more unique. 

Façade of the Gropius House

Side of the Gropius House

Furniture done by the famous Marcel Breuer

Furniture which was done in the Bauhaus Workshops

Now a days many of the characteristics of the Bauhaus can be featured almost everywhere and in every design and so many people are frequently getting influenced by these designs. Academically we also have a direct opportunity of producing what we are inspired from and replicate it in our designs. This is visible in the Model Making Unit which, myself was influenced by the huge glass panels used at that time and incorporated in my designs. That same feeling of getting the inside,out and out side,in. 

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe was known for his development in architectural style which was Moderism. As said before, he was very much influenced by Peter Behrens and he also worked alongside Walter Gropius and Le Corbuiser. His widely used phrase 'Less is more', made a huge impact on designs and was used through any form of art and craft discipline. 

A reference to the Barcelona Pavilion which was officially opened in 1929, and truly represented the spirit of the New Germany, which was simplicity and clarity are the two main things to live by. Everything is left open and nothing can be concealed. No ornamental stuff added but this Pavilion was truly a luxurious piece of architecture which also left an impact on modern design. 

Some characteristics which are found in this pavilion are the semi-precious, ancient green polished marble to Golden Onyx along with two other marbles, the Roman travertine and the green alpine marble. Steel and glass materials where used and columns provided a kind of a grid points for the roof to rest against it. The bronze nude which is very controversial as it not clearly known if it symbolises flawless dance or running from reality.

Outside of the Barcelona Pavilion

Inside the Barcelona Pavilion with the Barcelona Chairs

This pavilion was demolished in 1929, less than a year from when it was built in place and it was reconstructed in the 1980's for it to stay where it is located today. Many materials and marble which was originally used, now can be found as table tops and other marble ornaments and the glass was thrown away. 

My understanding of this iconic architectural reference is brought by the assignment given in class about the materials of the Barcelona Pavilion alongside the Barcelona chair which was also located inside the pavilion. Our findings on these unique materials and how they were placed make you more aware on the little details given by the architect himself, and how they make a huge difference if noticed beforehand. 


Referance:

The Art Story. (2016). De Stijl Movement, Artists and Major Works. [online] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-de-stijl.htm [Accessed 12 May 2016].

Anderson, R. and Anderson, R. (2014). Style steal: Mondrian’s studio looked just like his paintings. [online] The Chromologist. Available at: http://thechromologist.com/style-steal-mondrians-studio-looked-just-like-paintings/ [Accessed 12 May 2016].

Visual-arts-cork.com. (2016). De Stijl: Dutch Abstract Art Group: Characteristics, History, Manifesto. [online] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/de-stijl.htm [Accessed 12 May 2016].

The Art Story. (2016). Bauhaus Movement, Artists and Major Works. [online] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-bauhaus.htm [Accessed 12 May 2016].

Historicnewengland.org. (2016). Gropius House — Historic New England. [online] Available at: http://www.historicnewengland.org/historic-properties/homes/Gropius%20House [Accessed 12 May 2016].

En.wikiarquitectura.com. (2016). Gropius House - Architecture of the World - WikiArquitectura. [online] Available at: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Gropius_House [Accessed 12 May 2016].

ArchDaily. (2015). A Virtual Look Into Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/773846/a-virtual-look-into-mies-van-der-rohes-barcelona-pavilion [Accessed 12 May 2016].